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Sir William Siemens, d.cl., ll.d.. f.r.s. 



BY 



GEORGE W. MAYXARD. 



A Paper Read before the American Institute of Mining 
Engineers, at the Cincinnati Meeting, February, 1884. 



AUTHOR'S EDITION. 

1884. 



Compliments of 

GEO. W. MAYNARD, 

NEW YORK. 




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BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF SIR C. W. SIEMENS, 
D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. 



BY GEORGE W. MAYNARD, NEW YORK CITY. 

In the death of Sir William Siemens, the Institute loses its most 
distinguished honorary member, one who, without exaggeration, may 
be ranked among the greatest men of the century. In justification 
of this claim, I quote in part the words of two other men eminent in 
the walks of science. 

Professor Huxley,' addressing the Royal Society, spoke of Siemens 
as u a marked example of vast energy, large scientific acquirements, 
and intellectual power of a high order," and as one " who had no 
superior in fertility and ingenuity of invention, while hardly any 
living man so thoroughly combined an extensive knowledge of sci- 
entific principles with the power of applying them in a commercially 
successful manner. The value of his numerous inventions must be 
measured, not merely by the extent to which they have increased 
the wealth and convenience of mankind, but by the favorable re- 
action on the progress of pure science which they, like all such in- 
ventions, have exerted, and will continually exert." 

Dr. Wedding, in his address before the Verein zur Beforderung des 
Gewerbefleisses in Preussen, speaks of Siemens as being " so fortunate 
as to combine German erudition with British activity N in such a 
manner that both nations, German as well as English, were equally 
proud of him ; and, now that his rich life is ended, regret is expressed 
on both shores of the North Sea, first by the Germans that his entire 
life had not been spent in Germany, and his powers dedicated to 
Germany, and by the English that he was not born a Briton." 

Germany may well be proud of being the birth-place, not only of 
such a man, but of such a family; for where in history shall we find 
in a single family such a wide range of knowledge so successfully 
applied to the arts? The least distinguished name in the following 
list has added to the world's knowledge enough to satisfy the desire 
for fame of any ordinary man. This constellation is made up of: 



Carl Wilhelra Siemens, 

Ernst Werner Siemens, 

Carl Heinrich Siemens, 

Friedrich Siemens, 

Georg Siemens, and 

Ludwig Siemens. 

For the information contained in the present brief memoir, I am 
largely indebted to various published accounts. The most complete 
life which I have found is that published by Mr. W. T. Jeans in 
The Creators of the Age of Steel. I have also drawn information 
from Mr. J. S. Jeans' obituary notice in the Journal of the Iron and 
Steel Institute. 

For what his family pronounces the most accurate sketch of our 
distinguished fellow-member's early life, I am indebted to the ad- 
dress of Dr. Wedding above referred to, kindly furnished me by Mr. 
Wilhelra Siemens, son of Dr. Werner Siemens, of Berlin. 

Carl Wilhelm Siemens was born at Lenthe in -Hanover, April 4th, 
1823, and died in London, November, 1883. He was a son of one 
of the village officials. His first school-training was in the Cathari- 
neum at Liibeck, followed by a course at the Commercial School in 
Magdeburg. 

In Liibeck, the German guild-system was in full force; and he 
repeatedly referred to it in after-life. " When a boy at school," he 
says, " I was living under the full vigor of the old guild-system. 
In going through the streets of Liibeck I saw i Carpenters' Arms,' 
'Tailors' Arms,' 'Goldsmiths' Arms,' and 'Blacksmiths' Arms.' 
These were lodging-houses, where every journeyman belonging to 
that trade or craft had to stop if he came into town. In commencing 
his career, he had to be bound as an apprentice for three or four 
years; and the master, on taking an apprentice, had to enter into an 
engagement to teach him the art and mystery (which meant the 
science) of his trade. Before the young man could leave his state 
of apprenticeship he had to pass a certain examination ; he had to 
produce his Gesellen-stuck, or journey-piece of work ; and if that was 
found satisfactory, he was pronounced a journeyman. He had then 
to travel for four years from place to place, not being allowed to 
remain any longer than four months under any one master. lie had 
to go from city to city, and thus pick up knowledge in the best way 
that could have been devised in those days. Then, after he had 
completed his time of travel, on coming back to his native city, he 
could not settle as a master in his trade until he had produced his 



Meister-stilch, or master-piece. These master-pieces in the trade 
were frequently works of art in every sense of the w*ord. They were, 
in blacksmithing, the most splendid pieces of armory. In every 
trade, and in clocks above all others, great skill was displayed in 
their production. These were examined by the Masters' Committee 
of the guild, and upon approval were exposed at the Arms of the 
trade for a certain time, after which the journeyman was pronounced 
a master. He was then allowed to marry, provided he had made 
choice of a woman of unimpeachable character. These rules would 
hardly suit the taste of the present day; but still there was a great 
deal of good in those old guild practices." 

Before Siemens was nineteen years old he went to Gottingen. 
Here, by his "iron industry," as Wedding puts it, he filled up the 
gaps of his school-training. Here, under Wohler, he first got that 
insight into chemical laws which laid the foundation for his metal- 
lurgical knowledge, and here began to develop in him that wonder- 
ful thirst for discovery which abundant success never quenched. 

Our interest in the beginnings of notable men is frequently greater 
than in their later achievements, after they have already become 
great ; and I think there are few more interesting histories than that 
of Siemens, as related by himself in his Inaugural Address before 
the Midland Institute at Birmingham. Though it has probably been 
referred to in nearly all of the sketches of his life, I venture to think 
it will prove of sufficient interest to give it in its entirety here, be- 
cause he always regarded the period to which it refers as the turning- 
point in his life. 

"At that time (1841), that form of energy known as the electric 
current was nothing more than the philosopher's delight. Its first 
practical application might be traced to the town of Birmingham, 
where Mr. George Elkington, utilizing the discoveries of Davy, 
Faraday and Jacobi, established a practical process of electroplating 
in 1842. 

" It affords me great satisfaction to be able to state that I had 
something to do with that first practical application of electricity; 
for in March of the following year (1843), I presented myself before 
Mr. Elkington with an improvement of his process, which he adopted, 
and, in so doing, gave me my first start in practical life. When the 
electrotype-process first became known it excited a very general in- 
terest; and although I was only a young student at Gottingen, under 
twenty years of age, who had just entered upon his practical career 
as a mechanical engineer, I joined my brother, Werner Siemens, 



then a young lieutenant of artillery in the Prussian service, in his 
endeavors to accomplish electro-gilding — the first impulse in this 
direction having been given by Professor C. Him ley, then of Got- 
tingen. After attaining some promising results, a spirit of enterprise 
came over me, so strong, that I tore myself away from the narrow 
circumstances surrounding me and landed at the East-end of London, 
with only a few pounds in my pocket and without friends, but with 
an ardent confidence of ultimate success within my breast. I ex- 
pected to find some office in which inventions were examined, and 
rewarded if found meritorious; but no one could direct me to such 
a place. In walking along Finsbury pavement, I saw written up 
in large letters, so-and-so (I forget his name), ' Undertaker*, 7 * and 
the thought struck me that this must be the place I was in quest of. 
At any rate I thought that a person advertising himself as an under- 
taker would not refuse to look into my invention, with a view of ob- 
taining for me the sought-for recognition or reward. 

".On entering the place I soon convinced myself, however, that I 
had come decidedly too soon for the kind of enterprise then contem- 
plated; and, finding myself confronted with the proprietor of the 
establishment, I covered my retreat by what he must have thought 
a very inadequate excuse. By dint of perseverance I found my way 
to the patent office of Messrs. Poole & Carpmael, who received me 
kindly, and provided me with a letter of introduction to Mr. El Isl- 
ington. Armed with this letter, I proceeded to Birmingham to 
plead my cause with him. In thinking back to that time, I wonder 
at the patience with which Mr. Elkington listened to what I had to 
say, being very young, and scarcely able to find English words to 
convey my meaning. After showing me what he was doing already 
in the way of electro-plating, Mr. Elkington sent me back to Lon- 
don in order to read some patents of his own, asking me to return 
if, aftei perusal, I still thought I could teach him anything. To 
my gieat disappointment, I found that the chemical solutions I had 
been using were actually mentioned in one of his patents, although 
in a manner that would hardly have sufficed to enable a third person 
to obtain practical results. On my return to Birmingham I frankly 
stated what I had found; and with this frankness I evidently gained 
the favor of Mr. Josiah Mason, who had just joined Mr. Elkington 
in business, and whose name as Sir Josiah Mason will ever be re- 
membered for his munificent endowment of education. It was 



* The literal translation of the German Unternelimer. 



agreed that I should not be judged by the novelty of my invention, 
but by the results which I promised, namely, of being able to de- 
posit with a smooth surface three pennyweights of silver upon a 
dish-cover; the crystalline structure of the deposit having hereto- 
fore been a source of difficulty. In this I succeeded ; and I was 
able to return to my native country and my mechanical engineering 
a comparative Crcesus. Notwithstanding the lapse of time," he 
said nearly forty years afterward, " my heart still beats quick each 
time I come back to the scene of this, the determining incident of 
my life." 

After his return to Germany, he passed a year as a pupil in Count 
Stol berg's engine- works. While there, he perfected a steam-engine 
governor which had been suggested by his brother. With this in- 
vention, he returned to England in 184 1, so that he might enjoy 
the security afforded by the English patent-law. He now concluded 
to remain in England, and was naturalized in 1850. Not long after 
he had taken up his permanent residence in England, he married the 
lovely and accomplished Scotch lady whose cordial hospitality it 
has been the good fortune of some of us to enjoy. 

Now began that wonderful series of inventions and discoveries 
which followed one another with almost bewildering rapidity. The 
list of patents and contributions to technical journals which is 
attached to this memoir tells the story of mental work and ceaseless 
energy more perfectly than the most eloquent biographer could do 
it. Particular attention, however, should be drawn to what may 
properly be called his revolutionary discoveries, in the domain of 
heat and electricity. 

" Already in 1846 he began the study of the economy of fuel, in 
the light of recent investigations respecting the true nature of heat." 

. . . . " He read the treatises of Joule, Carnot, and Mayer, and 
proceeded to experiment on the principles thus brought to light. . . . 

u On comparing the theoretic power of heat with the mechanical 
power given off by the heat applied to steam-engines and caloric 
engines generally, he saw there was a large margin for improvement. 
He at once determined to try to save or utilize some of the wasted 
heat ; and conceived the idea of making a regenerator or accumulator 
for the purpose of retaining a limited quantity of heat, and capable 
of yielding it up again when required for the performance of any 
work. In 1847 he constructed an engine with a condenser provided 
with regenerators. The economy of fuel was considerable, but me- 
chanical difficulties prevented success. He did not however abandon 



the subject, for he eventually put engines into practical operation in 
England, France, and Germany, varying from five to forty horse- 
power." 

Notwithstanding the great improvements which have been made 
in steam-engineering in the last decade, Sir William Siemens told 
the British Association in August, 1882, that "the best steam-engine 
does not yield in mechanical effect more than one-seventh part of 
the heat-energy residing in the fuel consumed. To obtain more 
advantageous primary conditions, we have to turn to the caloric or 
gas-engine. Before many years have elapsed, we may find in our 
factories and on board our ships engines with a fuel-consumption 
not exceeding one pound of coal per effective horse-power per hour, 
in which the gas-producer takes the place of the somewhat complex 
and dangerous steam-boiler. The advent of such an engine, and of 
the dynamo-machine, must mark a new era of material progress at 
least equal to that produced by the. introduction of steam-power in 
the early part of our century." 

Now that the Prophet has left us, who will undertake to fulfil the 
prophecy ? There is no grander field for research than the one in- 
dicated by this master of investigation. 

The temptation is great to follow up step by step the development 
of his genius ; but we must resist it, and come to that part of his 
work which is of more direct interest to the members of the Insti- 
tute. 

The regenerative engine was evidently the forerunner of the re- 
generative gas-furnace. " In 1857, his brother Frederick suggested 
to him the employment of regenerators for the purpose of getting 
up a high degree of heat in furnaces, and he thenceforth labored to 
attain this result." 

After many experiments and disappointments, he erected a regen- 
erative-furnace at a glass-works in Birmingham, which proved a 
success. 

The history of this period is so interesting that it will bear re- 
peating at considerable length. It is well told by Mr. W. T. Jeans. 

In 1862 Professor Tyndall lectured before the Royal Institution 
on the " Mechanical Theory of Heat," paying eloquent tribute to 
Mayer and Joule. 

"A fortnight later, an account was given at the same institution 
of Mr. William Sicmens's regenerative gas-furnace, the greatest 
triumph in the practical application of the principles enunciated by 
Mayer and others. That lecture was delivered by Michael Faraday, 



the prince of pure experimentalists; and it has the historic interest 
of being the last lecture he was able to deliver. The circumstances 
in which it was delivered were memorable. Some weeks previously, 
Siemens received the following letter from Faraday: 'I have just 
returned from Birmingham, where I saw at Chance's works the 
application of your furnaces to glass-making. I was very much 
struck with the whole matter. As our managers want me to end 
the ( Friday evenings ' at the Royal Institution after Easter, I have 
looked about for a thought, for I have none in myself. I think I 
should like to speak of the facts I saw at Chance's, if you have no 
objection. If you assent, can you help me with any drawings, or 
models, or illustrations, either in the way of thoughts or experiments? 
Do not say much about it out of doors as yet ; for my mind is not 
settled in what way, if you assent, I shall present the subject.' 

" Siemens readily assented, and spent two days at Birmingham in 
showing Faraday over the works where his furnaces were in opera- 
tion. On the appointed Friday evening, June 20th, 1862, the 
venerable savant appeared before the Royal Institution for the last 
time, to explain the wonderful simplicity, power, and economy of 
the regenerative gas-furnace. In the course of his lecture, which lasted 
about an hour, and which he concluded by bidding his audience a 
pathetic farewell, he accidentally burned his notes ; and he was only 
able afterward to give the abstract of it that is published in the 
Proceedings" 

The almost universal adoption of the Siemens heating-furnace in 
iron and steel- works, and in operating the open-hearth process, is 
too well known to make it necessary for me to dwell upon the 
merits of either. 

Through the courtesy of Messrs. Richmond and Potts, the agents 
of Messrs. Siemens in this country, I am enabled to furnish the 
following interesting facts about the adoption of the Siemens furnace 
in the United States. 

The first Siemens heating furnace was started September 26th, 
1867, at the works of the Nashua Iron Company, Nashua, N. H. 

A small open-hearth steel-melting furnace, built at Trenton at the 
works of Cooper, Hewitt & Co., was started in December, 1868, but 
it has never been worked with any degree of regularity. 

In January, 1870, an open-hearth steel-melting furnace was started 
up at the Bay State works in South Boston, and was the first fur- 
nace of that kind put regularly to work in this country. 

The first crucible steel-melting furnace was built at the works of 
Anderson & Woods, Pittsburgh, and was started November 2d, 1867. 



There have been built in this eountry : J 65 Siemens furnaces for 
heating iron and steel; 58 open-hearth furnaces; 56 crucible-steel 
furnaces, and over 30 furnaces for sundry other purposes, such as 
glass-melting, zinc-smelting, puddling, etc. 

It is strange that abroad the Siemens furnace is in use for the 
manufacture of glass to a greater extent than for any other purpose, 
and yet it is applied to that branch of manufacture in but few cases 
in this country. The annual capacity of the Siemens furnaces in use 
in this country may be stated as follows : 

Heating-furnaces, 2,000,000 tons. 

Open-hearth furnaces, 350,000 " 

Crucible-furnaces, 70,000 " 

It is safe to say that of the total production of wrought-iron and 
steel in the United States, fully one-third is heated in Siemens's fur- 
naces, and practically all of the open-hearth steel and two-thirds of 
the crucible-steel is made in these furnaces. If we place the amount 
of iron and steel heated per annum by the Siemens furnaces at 
1,500,000 tons, and consider the saving at $2.50 per ton, we have 
an annual saving of $3,750,000. The production of open-hearth 
steel in 1883 was about 2,000,000 tons; and it is safe to estimate 
the saving in making this steel at $20 per ton, over any other 
method of producing the same quality of product. Crucible-steel 
manufacturers readily accord a saving of $10 per ton by using the 
Siemens furnace, and at least 60,000 tons were produced in 1883. 

Mr. Jeans, in the Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, says : 
" Until 1873 the total quantity of open-hearth steel produced in the 
United Kingdom was 77,500 tons. During the next two years this 
figure was not much improved upon; but in 1876 the product had 
advanced to 128,000 tons; in 1878 to 174,000 tons; in 1880 to 
251,000 tons; and in 1882 to 436,000 tons." 

The estimated quantity for 1883 is 500,000 tons. At the end of 
1883 fully 370 open-hearth furnaces had been erected throughout the 
world, equal to an annual production of about 1,500,000 tons. 

Siemens always talked of the ultimate success of his "direct pro- 
cess" with as much confidence as of any of his inventions. Had 
his life been prolonged, I have no doubt that he would have achieved 
success in this direction, and would have made the direct process a 
necessary adjunct to the open hearth. 

A discussion of his triumphs in other branches of science as ap- 
plied to the arts will not properly find a place in this communica- 



tion. A glance, however, at the record attached, leads one to think 
that that work in which we are most interested, held but a subordi- 
nate place among his thoughts and deeds. 

In 1876 Dr. and Mrs. Siemens paid a short visit to this country, 
and always after spoke with pleasure of the country, its resources and 
development, and the hospitality of its people. 

"Sir William Siemens filled many positions of distinction, both 
public and private, and was the recipient of many honors. In addi- 
tion to the Bessemer Gold Medal of the Iron and Steel Institute, 
presented to him in 1876, he received in 1874 the Albert Gold 
Medal of the Society of Arts, which also, as early as 1850, awarded 
him a gold medal for his regenerative condenser. In 1853 he re- 
ceived from the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Telford Medal 
for his paper f On the Conversion of Heat into Mechanical effect ;' 
and only a short time before his death the same institution conferred 
on him the Howard Quinquennial Prize. He also received prize- 
medals at the International Exhibitions of 1851, 1862, and 1867. 
Few men have filled within so short a time so many presidential 
chairs. He was president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 
(1872), of the Society of Telegraph Engineers and Electricians 
(1875), Iron and Steel Institute (1877), and of the British Associa- 
tion (1882); whfle in the latter year he was also elected to preside 
over the Council of the Society of Arts ; and in 1881 he was elected 
a vice-president of the newly formed Society for the Promotion of 
Chemical Industry. He was besides, in 1862, made a fellow, and 
in 1869 a member, of the Council of the Royal Society. He was 
a D.C.L. of Oxford, and an LL.D. of Glasgow University, and, 
finally, in March, 1883, he received from Her Majesty the honor of 
knighthood." 

Concerning my personal relations with him, this is not the place 
to speak at length. It is needless to say that I was thus laid under 
the deepest obligations of gratitude, as well as impressed with the 
most vivid sentiment of affection and esteem. In company with a 
worthier guest, — the brilliant and lamented Holley, — it was my 
privilege to learn, by personal and profitable experience, the hospi- 
tality of the home and the generosity of the heart of Charles Wil- 
liam Siemens. In this respect — of lavish kindness to their profes- 
sional colleagues (or, let me rather say, disciples) — Siemens and 
Holley were congenial spirits ; and we may say of the former, as 
well as of the latter, that in his departure we have lost, not merely 
a leader, but also a friend. 



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15 



APPENDIX II. 

English Patents* Granted to the Messes. Siemens. 

The initials in the first column of the table stand for : C. W. S., Charles William 
Siemens ; E. W. S., Ernest Werner Siemens ; C. H. S., Charles Henry Siemens ; 
F. S., Frederick Siemens; G. S., George Siemens ; L. S., Louis Siemens ; v. H. A., 
von Hefner Alteneck. The S. has been omitted where two names occur in one line. 



Patentee. 


No. 


Date. 


Subject. 


C. W. S. 


11021 


24. 


12. 45. 


Regulating power and velocity of steam engines. 


c. w. s. 


12006 


22. 


12. 47. 


Engines to be worked by steam or other fluids. 


c. w. s. 


12531 


20. 


3. 49. 


do. do. do. do. 


E. W. S. 


13062 


23. 


4. 50. 


Electric telegraphs. 


c. w. s. 


14060 


15. 


4. 52. 


Fluid meter. 


c. w. s. 


326 


9. 


10. 52. 


Steam engines. 


c. w. s. 


712 


23. 


3. 53. 


Rotatory fluid meter. 


c. w. s. 


459 


25. 


2. 54. 


Electric telegraphs. 


c. w. s. 


2366 


8. 


11. 54. 


do. 


c. w. s. 


1105 


16. 


5. 55. 


Apparatus for freezing water. 


c. w. s. 


2514 


7. 


11. 55. 


Evaporation of brine. 


c. w. s. 


1363 


9. 


6. 56. 


Engines with superheated steam. 


c. w. s. 


2107 


10. 


9. 56. 


Electric telegraphs. 


c. w. s. 


2824 


29. 


11. 56. 


Fluid meters. 


F. S. 


2861 


2. 


12. 56. 


Furnaces. 


c. w. s. 


1320 


11. 


5. 57. 


Furnaces. 


c. w. s. 


2064 


•29. 


7. 57. 


Apparatus for making ice 


c. w. s. 


1457 


28. 


6. 58. 


Cleansing tidal rivers. 


c. w. s. 


2074 


18. 


9. 58. 


Refrigerators. 


C. W. & E. W. 


2180 


30. 


9. 58. 


Electric telegraphs. 


c. w. s. 


87 


11. 


1. 59. 


Supports fortelegraph wires. 
Electric telegraphs. 


C. W. & E. W. 


512 


25. 


2. 59. 


C. W. & E. W. 


2503 


3. 


11. 59. 


Insulating electric telegraph conductors. 


c. w. s. 


519 


25. 


2. 60. 


Electric telegraph cables. 


c. w. s. 


2074 


28. 


8. 60. 


Steam engines. 


c. w. s. 


2982 


5. 


12. 60. 


Fluid meters. 


C. W. & F. 


167 


22. 


1. 61. 


Furnaces. 


C. W. & E. W. 


281 


3l! 


8. 61. 


Electric telegraphs. 


c. w. s. 


2805 


8. 


11. 61. 


Armored war vessel. 


C. W. & E. W. 


59 


9. 


1. 62. 


Insulating electric telegraphs. 


C. W. & E. W. 


1540 


22. 


5. 62. 


Electric telegraph apparatus. 


c. w. s. 


2143 


28. 


7. 62. 


Gas engines. 


c. w. s. 


464 


20. 


2. 63. 


Insulating electric telegraphs. 


C. W. & F. 


972 


18. 


4. 63. 


Furnaces. 


C. W. & E. W. 


2826 


13. 


11. 63. 


Submarine cables. 


C. W. S. 


1447 


10. 


6. 64. 


Manufacture of glass. 


c. w. s. 


3018 


3. 


12. 64. 


do. do. 


C. W. & E. W. 


3260 


31. 


12. 64. 


Apparatus for motive power. 
Regulating velocity of machinery. 


C. W. S. 


1230 


2. 


5. 65. 


c. w. s. 


2391 


19. 


9. 65. 


Separating dust in iron blast furnaces. 


c. w. s. 


671 


5. 


3. 66. 


Zinc furnaces. 


G. W. S. 


2413 


20. 


9. 66. 


Ore-smelting furnaces. 


C. W. & E. W. 


3090 


21. 


11. 66. 


Pneumatic despatch. 


C. W. & E. \V. 


261 


31. 


1. 67. 


Methods of developing powerful electric cur- 
rents. 


C. W. & E. W. 


631 


7. 


3. 67. 


Fluid meters. 


C. W. & E. W. 


1532 


23. 


5. 67. 


Pneumatic despatch. 


C. W. S. 


2395 


21. 


8. 67. 


Ore-smelting furnaces. 


C. W. S. 


1172 


7. 


4. 68. 


Gas regenerative furnaces. 


C. W. & E. W. 


1253 


17. 


4. 68. 


Electric measurements of distances. 


C. W. S. 


1462 


5. 


5. 68. 


Steel furnaces. 


C. W. S. 


1892 


1U. 


6. 68. 


do. 


C. W. S. 


3501 


18. 


11. 68. 


Fastening telegraph wires. 


c. w. s. 


3569 


24. 


11. 68. 


Steel furnaces. 


c. w. s. 


1575 


21. 


5. 69. 


Smelting furnaces. 


0. w. s. 


2988 


14. 


10. 69. 


steel furnaces. 


c. w. s. 


34 


5. 


1. 70. 


Regenerative hot-blast furnaces. 


c. w. s. 


594 


28. 


2. 70. 


Treatment of iron ores. 


C. W. & F. 


1513 


25. 


5. 70. 


Regenerative gas furnaces. 



* It was obviously not necessary to give the American, German, or other patents, which 
were in all cases, I believe, for inventions substantially covered by the English patents. 



16 



Patentee. 


No. 


Date. 


Subject. 


C. W. S. 


3134 


30. 


n. 


70. 


Treatment of iron ores. 


C. W. S. 


3255 








Improvement in means for exhausting receivers. 


c. w. s. 


292 


2. 


2. 


71. 


Cast steel. 


c. w. s. 


1959 


■it). 


7. 


71. 


Smelting iron ores. 


c. w. s. 


3077 


15. 


11. 


71. 


Treating iron ores. 


c. w. s. 

C. H. S. 


1998 
1473 


15. 


5. 


72. 


Electric telegraphs. 
Telegraphs. 


E. W. S. 


1919 


25. 


6. 


72. 


Obtaining and applying electric currents. 


F. S. 


2152 


18. 


7. 


72. 


Glass furnaces. 


c. w. s. 


2861 


28. 


9. 


72. 


Iron and steel furnaces. 


C. H. & E. W. 


2923 


3. 


10. 


72. 


Telegraphs. 


C. W. & F. 


3478 


21. 


11. 


72. 


Glass furnaces. 


c. w. s. 


3642 


3. 


12. 


72. 


Smelting furnaces. 


E. W. & v. H. A. 


2006 


5. 


6. 


73. 


Electric light. 


E. W. & v. H. A. 


2225 


27. 


6. 


73. 


Electric telegraphs. 


F. S. 


2246 


28. 


6. 


73. 


Caloric engines. 


G. & de Grousilliers. 


2838 


28. 


8. 


73. 


Soda and potash. 


C. W. S. 


4075 


11. 


12. 


73. 


Iron and steel manufacture. 


C. W. S. 


428 






74. 


Treating puddled balls. 


E. W. S. 


1307 


16. 


4. 


74. 


Telegraphic signals. 


C. W. & Stein. 


3457 






74. 


Calcining kilns. 


C. W. S. 


43 


5. 


1. 


75. 


Furnaces. 


C. W. S 


1551 


28. 


4. 


75. 


Glass furnaces. 


F. S. 


1637 


3. 


5. 


75. 


Hardening glass. 


C. W. S. 


1540 


20. 


4. 


76. 


Iron and steel to resist shock. 


F. & Mason. 


1657 


28. 


4. 


76. 


Tempering glass. 


F. S. 


2097 


20. 


5. 


76. 


Ornamenting toughened glass. 


c. w. s. 


3370 


5. 


9. 


76. 


Iron and steel. 


c. w. s. 


3714 


22. 


9. 


76. 


Iron and steel furnaces. 


F. & Heese. 


3904 


10. 


10. 


76. 


Pottery kilns. 


C. H. & E. W. 


4685 


10. 


12. 


76. 


Telephones. 


F. S. 


4780 


11. 


12. 


76. 


Glass. 


c. w. s. 


4793 


17. 


12. 


76. 


Armor-plating. 


c. w. s. 


251 


19. 


1. 


77. 


Electric telegraph conductors. 


c. w. s. 


700 


20. 


2. 


77. 


Regenerative gas furnace. 


C. H. S. 


1871 


14. 


5. 


77. 


Recording electric telegraph signals. 


c. w. s. 


2281 


7. 


6. 


77. 


Electric lamps. 


E. W. & v. H. A. 


3134 


8. 


8. 


77. 


Reproducing electricity for illumination. 
Telephones. 


C. H. S. 


4685 


10. 


12. 


77. 


C. W. S. 


251 


19. 


1. 


78. 


Electric telegraph conductors. 


C. W. S. 


700 


20. 


2. 


78. 


Regenerative gas furnace. 


c. w. s. 


2281 


7. 


6. 


78. 


Distributing electric currents to lamps. 


C. H. & E. W. 


2527 


25. 


6. 


78. 


Telephones. 


C. H. &E. W. &V.H.A. 


3134 


8. 


8. 


78. 


Producing and regulating electric currents for 

lamps. 
Electric lighting. 


C. W. S. 


3315 


22. 


8. 


78. 


c. w. s. 


4208 


22. 


10. 


78. 


Electric illumination. 


C. W. &v. H. A. 


4949 


4. 


12. 


78. 


Electric lamps. 


C. W. S. 


694 


20. 


2. 


79. 


Ordnance. 


C. W. & F. 


1118 


20. 


3. 


79. 


Annealing glass. 


C. W. S. 


2110 


27. 


5. 


79. 


Light and heat by electricity. 


L. S. & Justushofen. 


2199 


3. 


6. 


79. 


Lighting by electricity. 


F. S. 


2231 


5. 


6. 


79. 


Lamps and burners. 


C. W. & v. H. A. 


2652 


1. 


7. 


79. 


Electric lamps. 


C. W. S. 


2775 


8. 


7. 


79. 


Tension bars. 


F. S. 


3555 


4. 


9. 


79. 


Burners. 


C. W. S. 


4534 


6. 


11. 


79. 


Dynamo machines. 


C W. & F. 


4763 


22. 


11. 


79. 


Moulding glass. 


F. S. 


5135 


15. 


12. 


79. 


Moulding and annealing glass. 


c. w. s. 


5150 


16. 


12. 


79. 


Iron and steel manufacture. 


C. H. & E. W. 


583 


10. 


2. 


80. 


Conveying persons by electro-motive power. 


F. S. 


1561 


1(1. 


4. 


80. 


Lamps. 


c. w. s. 


3374 


19. 


8. 


80. 


Gas iurnaces. 


c. w. s. 


4614 


10. 


11. 


80. 


Electric lamps. 


c. w. s. 


4683 


13. 


11. 


80. 


Gas lamps. 


F. S. 


5172 


10. 


12. 


80. 


Lamps. 


C. W. & Boothby. 


696 


17. 


2. 


81. 


Electric brakes. 


C. VV. S. 


883 


1. 


3. 


81. 


Iron and steel manufacture. 


C. W. & Halske. 


1447 


1. 


4. 


81. 


Dynamo machines. 


C. W. S. 


2504 


9. 


6. 


81. 


Gas motors. 


F. S. 


2638 


17. 


6. 


81. 


Lamps. 


C. W. S. 


2651 


17. 


6. 


81. 


Steel manufacture. 


c.w.s. 


3792 


31. 


8. 


81. 


Steel manufacture. 


(I. w.s. 


5350 


7. 


12. 


81. 


<ius engines. 


C. VV. & F. J. 


231 


17. 


1. 


82. 


Telephone conductors. 


C. W. & E. W. 


760 


in. 


2. 


82. 


Dynamo-electric machine. 






LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



030 013 047 1, 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

030 013 047 1 



